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Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources.
General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series.
The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993).
Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive.
Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components.
Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified.
Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified.
Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive.
Aggregates are computed for the following regions:
UNECE-52: Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; Montenegro; Netherlands; North Macedonia; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Republic of Moldova; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States; Uzbekistan.
North America-2: Canada; United States.
European Union-27 (31/12/2020): Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Cyprus; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden.
Euro area-20: Austria; Belgium; Croatia; Cyprus; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; Netherlands; Portugal; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain.
Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA): Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Republic of Moldova; Russian Federation; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan.
CIS-11: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Republic of Moldova; Russian Federation; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan.
Western Balkans-6: Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; Montenegro; North Macedonia; Serbia.
.. - data not available
Currency: Albanian lek (ALL).
Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€.
Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€.
Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM).
Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.
Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD).
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2023 - Croatian kuna (HRK); historical data converted into €.
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €.
Currency : Czech koruna (CZK).
Currency : Danish krone (DKK).
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency.
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€.
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€.
Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali).
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€.
Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards.
Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€.
Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF).
Currency: Iceland krona (ISK).
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€.
Currency: New shekel (ILS).
Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.
Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€.
Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS).
Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit.
Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit.
Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€.
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro.
Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€.
Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€.
Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK).
Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€.
Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL).
Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria.
Currency: New Romanian leu (RON).
Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD).
Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija.
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency.
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€.
Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€.
Currency : Swedish krona (SEK).
Currency: Swiss franc (CHF).
Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency : Turkish lira (TRL).
Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.
Currency: British pound (GBP).
Currency: United States dollar (USD).
Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.