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Employment by level of education, occupation and sex

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Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and ILO) official sources.

Definition:
The employed are all the persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in the following categories:
(a) paid employment:
(a1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind;
(a2) with a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and had a formal attachment to their job;
(b) self-employment:
(b1) at work: persons who, during the reference period, performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind;
(b2) with an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason.
For additional information, see the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS).
The occupation groups correspond to first-level categories in the 2008 version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). For the EU and EFTA member-states the year of transition to ISCO-08 is 2011, for other countries please see Country footnotes.
The level of education is the highest level successfully completed in the educational system of the country where the education is received. The levels are defined with reference to the International Standard Classifications of Education ISCED 1997 and ISCED 2011. For the EU and EFTA member-states the levels of education are classified according to ISCED 2011 from 2014. For other countries please see Country footnotes.
The transition from ISCO-88 to ISCO-08 and from ISCED 1997 to ISCED 2011 could entail a break in time series.
General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified. Data from the LFS and from population censuses normally comply with the definition above.

Country: Armenia

Data for 2001 are from Population Census. Since 2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey.

Country: Azerbaijan

Data compiled according to ISCO-08.

Country: Belarus

Break in methodlogy (2000): Data refer to 1999 Population Census.

Measurement: Employment (thousands) , Country: Belarus

Data compiled according to ISCO-88

Measurement: Percent of corresponding total of both sexes , Country: Belarus

Data compiled according to ISCO-88

Measurement: Employment (thousands) , Country: Belarus

Parts by education level may not add up due to the persons who did not indicate their levels of education

Measurement: Percent of corresponding total of both sexes , Country: Belarus

Parts by education level may not add up due to the persons who did not indicate their levels of education

Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina

From 2006 to 2014 data compiled using ISCED 97, from 2015 using ISCED 11.

Country: Canada

Change in definition (1990 onwards): Data are annual averages. Cells with 0 are estimates with less than 1,500 employed.

Country: Canada

Data do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk )

Country: Israel

Break in methodlogy (2000): In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf

Country: Israel

Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.f

Country: Israel

Break in methodlogy (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf

Country: Israel

Break in methodlogy (2012):1) Transitiom from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f--orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf

Country: Israel

Change in definition (2000 - 2012): Changes in the questionnaire (Highest Diploma Received, Discouraged Workers, Employees hired through employment agencies or employment contractors); See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_e_changes.pdf

Country: Israel

Change in definition (2013): Changes in the Standard Classification of Occupations based on ISCO-08; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications12/occupations_class11/pd--f/draft_h.pdf (draft, Hebrew only)

Country: Republic of Moldova

Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender

Country: Russian Federation

Change in definition (2000 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years

Country: Russian Federation

Territorial change (2000 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen Republic

Country: Serbia

Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija. From 2013 data compiled according to ISCO-08.

Country: Turkiye

Break in series (2014): Since 2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in LFS.

Country: Turkiye

Break in methodlogy (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections.

Country: Turkiye

Until 2012, all occupations were coded according to ISCO-88. Since 2013, all occupations have been coded according to ISCO-08.

Country: Ukraine

Change in definition (2000 - 2012): Distribution by institutional sectors of the economy based on the assessment carried out in accordance with the National Classification of Occupations developed on the basis of ISCO 88.

Country: Ukraine

Territorial change (2000 - 2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster.

Country: United States

Data for occupation refer to population 15+ and who have worked in the past 5 years. Data do not cover the armed forces.
Occupation is classified according to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2000 manual (www.bls.gov/soc).
For individuals with two or more jobs, data refer to the job having the greatest number of hours.
For unemployed persons and persons who are not currently employed but report having a job within the last five years, data refer to their last job.