Footnotes

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources.

General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series.

The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993).

Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive.

Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components.

Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note.

Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified.

Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified.

.. - data not available

Country: Albania

Currency: Albanian lek (ALL).

Country: Armenia

Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Austria

Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Austrian Schilling (ATS); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 13.7603 ATS/€.

Country: Azerbaijan

Currency: New Azerbaijanian manat (AZN), in 2006 replaced old manat (AZM) at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Belarus

Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Belgium

Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Belgian Franc (BEF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 BEF/€.

Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM).

Geographical coverage: GDP and population cover the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.

Country: Bulgaria

Currency : Bulgarian leva (BGN), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Canada

Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD).

Country: Croatia

Currency: Croatian kuna (HRK), replaced the Croat dinar at 1:1000 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Cyprus

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Cypriot pound (CYP); historical data converted into €.

Country: Czechia

Currency : Czech koruna (CZK).

Country: Denmark

Currency : Danish krone (DKK).

Country: Estonia

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2011 - Estonian kroon (EEK), replaced the Soviet rouble in 1992 with a peg to the deutsche mark (8:1). Data are converted to the latest currency.

Country: Finland

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Finnish markka (FIM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 5.94573 FIM/€.

Country: France

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - French franc (FRF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 6.55957 FRF/€.

Country: Georgia

Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Tshinvali).

Country: Germany

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€.

Geographical coverage: The statistics for Germany refer to Germany after unification. Official data for Germany after unification are available only from 1991 onwards.

Country: Greece

Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Greek Drachma (GRD); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 340.75 GRD/€.

Country: Hungary

Currency : Hungarian forint (HUF).

Country: Iceland

Currency: Iceland krona (ISK).

Country: Ireland

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Irish Punt (IEP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 0.787564 IEP/€.

Country: Israel

Currency: New shekel (ILS).

Geographical coverage: Designation and data provided by Israel.The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181 (II) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question. Data include East Jerusalem.

Country: Italy

Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Italian Lira (ITL); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1936.27 ITL/€.

Country: Kazakhstan

Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Kyrgyzstan

Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS).

Country: Latvia

Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2014 - Latvian lat (LVL), replaced Latvian rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency unit.

Country: Lithuania

Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2015 - Lithuanian litas (LTL). All data are expressed in the latest currency unit.

Country: Luxembourg

Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Luxembourg Franc (LUF); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 40.3399 LUF/€.

Country: Malta

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Maltese lira (MTL); historical data converted into euro.

Country: Montenegro

Currency: Euro (€); prior to 2001 - Deutsche Mark (DEM); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 1.95583 DEM/€.

Country: Netherlands

Currency: Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Dutch Guilder (NLG); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 2.20371 NLG/€.

Country: North Macedonia

Currency : Macedonian denar (MKD), replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Norway

Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK).

Country: Poland

Currency : Polish zloty (PLZ), redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Portugal

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Portuguese Escudo (PTE); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 200.482 PTE/€.

Country: Republic of Moldova

Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL).

Geographical coverage: from 1993, excludes Transnistria.

Country: Romania

Currency: New Romanian leu (RON).

Country: Russian Federation

 

Country: Russian Federation

Currency: Russian rouble (RUB), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Serbia

Currency : Serbian Dinar (RSD).

Geographical coverage: from 1999, excludes Kosovo and Metohija.

Country: Slovakia

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2008 - Slovak koruna (SKK). Data are converted to the latest currency.

Country: Slovenia

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 2007 - Slovenian tolar (SIT); historical data converted at fixed conversion rate of 239,640 SIT/€.

Country: Spain

Currency : Euro (€); prior to 1999 - Spanish Peseta (ESP); historical data converted at 1999 fixed conversion rate of 166.386 ESP/€.

Country: Sweden

Currency : Swedish krona (SEK).

Country: Switzerland

Currency: Swiss franc (CHF).

Country: Tajikistan

Currency : Tajik somoni (TJS), replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:100 in 1994. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Turkey

Currency : Turkish lira (TRL).

Country: Turkmenistan

Currency : Turkmen manat (TMM), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Country: Ukraine

Currency : Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH), replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.

Geographical coverage: from 2014, does not includes all territory of Ukraine.

Country: United Kingdom

Currency: British pound (GBP).

Country: United States

Currency: United States dollar (USD).

Country: Uzbekistan

Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.