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Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources.
General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked or rescaled to build long consistent time series.
Currency: Albanian lek (ALL)
Currency: Armenian dram (AMD), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: euro (€)
Currency: Azerbaijanian manat (AZM) redenominated at 1:5000 in 2006. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Belarusian rouble (BYR) redenominated at 1:10 in 1994, at 1:1000 in 2000, and again 1:10000 in July 2016. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina, convertible marka (BAM).
Currency: Bulgarian leva (BGL), redenominated at 1:1000 in 1999 with a peg to the Euro (1.95583 :1). All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD).
Currency: Euro (€), from 1st January 2023, all exchange rate statistics for Croatia (including the historical series) are expressed in euros.
Currency: euro (€)From 1st January 2008, Euro has become the legal tender currency in Cyprus. As a result of this change, all exchange rate statistics for Cyprus (including the historical series) are expressed in Euro.
Currency: Czech koruna (CZK).
Currency: Danish krone (DKK).
Currency: Euro (€), from 1st January 2011, all exchange rate statistics for Estonia (including the historical series) are expressed in euros.
Currency: Georgian lari (GEL), replaced the lari-kupon at 1: 1000000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Hungarian forint (HUF).
Currency: Iceland krona (ISK).
Currency: New shekel (ILS).
Currency: Kazakh tenge (KZT ) replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1992. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Kyrgyz som (KGS), replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:200 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Euro (€), from 1st January 2014, all exchange rate statistics for Latvia (including the historical series) are expressed in euros.
Currency: Euro (€), from 1st January 2015, all exchange rate statistics for Lithuania (including the historical series) are expressed in euros.
Currency: Euro (€)
Currency: Euro (€)From 1st January 2008, Euro has become the legal tender currency in Malta. As a result of this change, all exchange rate statistics for Malta (including the historical series) are expressed in Euro.
Currency: Macedonian denar (MKD) replaced the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 in 1992, redenominated at 1:100 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Norvegian krone (NOK).
Currency: Polish zloty (PLZ) redenominated at 1:10000 in 1995. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL), replaced cupon at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Romanian New Leu (RON), replaced the Romanian Leu at 1:10000 2005. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Russian rouble (RUB) redenominated at 1:1000 in 1998. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Serbia new dinar (CSD).
Currency: Euro (€)From 1st January 2009, euro has become the legal tender currency in Slovakia. As a result of this change, all exchange rate statistics for Slovakia (including the historical series) are expressed in euro.
Currency: Swedish krona (SEK).
Currency: Swiss franc (CHF).
Currency: Tajik somoni (TJS) replaced the Tajik rouble at 1:1000 in 2000. The Tajik rouble replaced the Soviet rouble. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: New Turkish lira (TRY); since 1 January 2005, replaced the Turkish Lira (TRL), with one TRY being equivalent to one million TRLs. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Turkmen Manat (TMM) replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:500 in 1993 and after January 2009 denomination New Turkmen Manat (TMN) replaced the old currency at 1:5000. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH) replaced the former karbovanets at 1:100000 in 1996. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.
Currency: British pound (GBP).
Currency: United States dollar (USD).
Currency: Uzbekistani sum (UZS) replaced the Soviet rouble at 1:1000 in 1993. All data are expressed in the latest currency units.