Employment rate by marital status and sex

Source: UNECE Statististical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat) official sources.

Definition:
The employment rate is the share of employed persons in the population of the corresponding sex and age group.
Marital status is defined as the legal conjugal status of each individual in relation to the marriage laws or customs of the country. The following classification is used:
- Never married (single),
- Married,
- Widowed (and not remarried),
- Divorced (and not remarried).
In some countries the legal status of separated also exists and persons of this group are included here in the group of married.

General note: Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified.

.. - data not available

Country: Armenia

- Change in definition (Y2021): The 65+ age group includes the population aged 64-74 years.
- Break in time series (From Y2018): LFS methodology has been revised since 2018. The basis for the revision is the provision of the resolution ''On statistics of labor activity, employment and labor underutilization'' adopted by the 19th ICLS. The 2018-2019 indicators differ from the previous data in that they refer to the permanent population of the Republic of Armenia aged 15-74, estimated based on the survey results, i.e. the coverage also includes data on short-term labor emigrants. For more detailed explanations, see: https--://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99521073.pdf
-Break in methodology (Y2014): Since Y2014 data are based on the Labour Force Survey
- Y2007 data refer to population aged 16-75.
- Break in methodology (Y2008): Since 2008 data refer to population aged 15-75. ‹br>- From Y2007 to Y2013 data are based on the Integrated Survey of the Household Living Standards.

Country: Austria

- Break in time series (Y2021): Break in series due to implementation of the new EU-regulations in 2021.
- Break in methodology (2004): Break in series due to change in data collection procedure.

Country: Azerbaijan

The data for Y2019-Y2021 is preliminary, as the data has not been re-evaluated in accordance with the results of the Y2019 population census conducted in the country.

Country: Belarus

- Change in definition (Y2014-Y2021): Coverage of population aged 15-74 years.
- Change in definition (Y2009): Census Coverage of population aged 15 years and over.

Country: Belgium

- Break in time series (Y2021): Revision of the questionnaire and the change of the ILO definitions of unemployment/employment.
- Break in series from (Y2017): The Labour Force Survey has undergone considerable revision in Y2017. From Y2017 onwards, use of different data collection methods and revised weighting method.

Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Estimates for the age group 65+ are less reliable for 2015.

Country: Canada

Data do not cover the three northern territories (Yukon, Northwest and Nunavuk )

Country: Denmark

Break in time series between (Y2007-Y2008).

Country: Estonia

Break in time series (Y2018-onwards): Data is (re)calculated based on the new methodology in accordance with the requirements of the Integrated European Social Statistics (IESS) regulation. Population aged 15-74.

Country: Georgia

Change in definition (2008 onward): Unknown marital status refers to non-registered marriage

Country: Georgia

Territorial change (2000 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region

Country: Germany

- Additional information (Y2020-2021): Impact of the methodological redesign and the Covid-19 crisis on the microcensus 2020 and 2021 results: A completely new IT system was set up for the redesigned microcensus from 2020; its introduction was accompanied by technical problems. Individual technical challenges continued in the Y2021 survey. Together with the partially ongoing effects of the corona pandemic, these led to restrictions in the survey conduct. Taken together, however, the effects were much less strong than in Y2020 - analysis limitations may still occur in deep technical or regional breakdowns. The average non-response rate for the final results of the Y2021 microcensus is approximately 14% at the federal level (first results approx. 17%). This value is considerably lower than in Y2020 (approx. 38%; final result approx. 35%). Thus, there is an improvement in the quality of the annual results in Y2021 compared to Y2020.
- From 2016: Updated frame for sampling based on the 2011 Census.
- From 2011 the population projection is based on data from the 2011 Census; the results cannot be compared with previous years.
- From 2005: The microcensus was changed from a survey with a fixed reference week to a continuous survey with a moving reference week.

Country: Greece

-Additional information (Y2021): Significant changes in the survey due to the adoption of the new Integrated Social Statistics Framework Regulation, (EU) 2019/1700. The changes concerned the design of the research, the way data was collected, the definitions and the information collected.
- From Y2021 employment rate data on marital status in not collected in LFS.

Country: Hungary

Y2009-Y2019 data revised according to new LFS methodology: Yhose receiving child care benefit are accounted as employed persons.

Country: Israel

- Break in methodology (2012): 1) Transition from a quarterly to a monthly LFS; 2) Changes in the definitions of labour force characteristics (including compulsory and permanent military service into labour force). See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/labour_survey04/labour_f----orce_survey/answer_question_e_2012.pdf
- Break in methodology (2009): 1) Update of the definition of the civilian labour force characteristics; 2) Transition to the 2008 Population Census estimates. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/1460/pdf/intro05_e.pdf
-Married persons include Married but living apart;
From 2005, 1) Update of the definitions of labour force characteristics; 2) Changes in the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pd--f
- Break in methodlogy (2001): Changes in the weighting method. See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/saka_y/e_intro_f1_comparison-mimi.
- Break in methodology (2000):
In 1998: 1) Changes in the weighting method; 2) Transition to the 1995 Population Census estimates; See explanations: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/saka_change/tch_e.pdf

Country: Latvia

- Change in definition (Y2021): Age group 15+ refers to 15-89; Age group 65+ refers to 65-89.
- Change in definition (Y2000-Y2020): Age group 15+ refers to 15-74; Age group 65+ refers to 65-74.

Country: Norway

Break in series (Y2016): New estimation method.

Country: Poland

- From Y2021: Changes resulting from implementation of the common framework for social statistics, i.e. Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 October 2019 and its implementing acts, have been introduced in the Polish LFS. Due to the introduced changes the results cannot be compared with the previous periods from 2021 onwards.Since 2021, the data have concerned population aged 15-89 years (until 2020, it was aged 15 and more).
- Additional information (Y2012): Since the III quarter of 2012, generalization of the LFS results over the general population has been carried out with the use of the data on the population of Poland aged 15 and more obtained from the balances compiled on the basis of the Population and Housing Census 2011. Moreover, the methodological changes have been taken into account, excluding from the survey persons staying outside households for 12 months or longer (until the second quarter of 2012, it was over 3 months). In order to maintain comparability of the time series after the introduced changes, the data for the years 2010-2011 are also presented in a version including these changes; the data are not fully comparable with the results of the surveys prior to 2010.

Country: Portugal

- With the start of a new LFS series in Y2021, information on marital status is no longer collected.
- Y2011-Y2020: All estimates for the Y2011 data series (in force from Y2011 to Y2020) in this table have been revised in the light of the reconciliation exercise with the 2021 series, thus allowing direct comparison with the estimates of this series.
- Break in time series (Y2011): Break in time series.
- From Y2011 onwards: Labour force population age: 16 to 89 years old.
- Y2000-Y2010: Labour force population age: 15 years old and above.

Country: Republic of Moldova

- Break in time series (Y2019): From 2019 LFS is carried out on a new sampling plan and according to the revised definition of employment.
- From Y2014-onwards: From 2014, data are estimated using the usually resident population.
- Breaks in time series (Y2014-Y2018): Data for 2014-2018 were recalculated based on usually resident population.
- For the period Y2000-Y2013 inclusive, data were estimated using the number of resident population.
- Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender.
- Significance (Y2000 - Y2012): Category ''married'' includes the persons who are not officially registered their marriage, but live together.

Country: Romania

- Break in methodology (Y2021): Data series are not comparable with those published for previous periods.
- Data from Y2002-Y2020 are not comparable with series published for Y1995-Y2001.

Country: Russian Federation

Change in definition (1990 - 2013): Data present the population aged 15-72 years

Country: Russian Federation

Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1992

Country: Russian Federation

Territorial change (1990 - 2006): Data do not include the Chechen Republic

Country: Serbia

- From Y2021, no information on marital status is collected in LFS.
- Data do not cover Kosovo and Metohija.

Country: Sweden

Y2020-Y2021: Source: Labour statistics based on administrative sources. The monthly employer reports at individual level are used to classify persons as gainfully employed. The classification is based on wages/salaries paid in November.
- Y2018-Y2019: Source: Labour statistics based on administrative sources. As from reference year 2019, a new data source is used and a new method was applied to classify gainfully employed persons. The monthly employer reports at individual level (AGI) have replaced the annual statements of earnings (KU) and gainfully employed persons are classified based on wages/salaries paid on November. Furthermore, as from 2019 there is no upper age limit to be classified as gainfully employed.
- Y2010-Y2011: Source: Labour statistics based on administrative sources.
- Time series break (2010-2011): As from the beginning of 2011, changes have been made to the way gainfully employed persons are classified in the Labour statistics based on administrative sources (RAMS statistics). These changes only affect people who are 65 and older and lead to an increase in the number of gainfully employed persons in this age group. In addition, the upper age limit to be classified as gainfully employed has been changed from age 84 to age 74. This implies that there are no gainfully employed persons who are age 75 and older as of 2011.
- Y2003-Y2004: Source: Labour statistics based on administrative sources. Time series break (2003-2004): A new data source was used and modifications were made to the way gainfully employed persons are classified.These changes mainly affected individuals who are 65 and older.

Country: Turkiye

- Break in methodology (Y2021): Series is not comparable to previous years due to the adjustments in the definition, scope and design of the survey with the year 2021.
- Break in methodology (Y2014-Y2020): Since Y2014 series are not comparable with the previous years due to methodological changes in Labour Force Survey.
- Break in methodology (2004): Data are revised according to the 2008 population projections.

Country: Ukraine

From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control.

Country: Ukraine

- Until Y2019, data coverage includes persons aged 15-70 years.
- Change in definition (Y2000 - Y2012): Determining the level of employment corresponds to the definition given above.
- Territorial change (Y2000 - Y2012): Data do not cover the area of radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster.

Country: United States

Age group 15+ refers to 16+; age group 15-24 refers to 16-24; age group 25-49 refers to 25-54 and age group 50-64 refers to 55-64.