Gender pay gap

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international official sources.

Definitions: Gender pay gap is the difference between men’s and women’s average earnings from employment, shown as a percentage of men’s average earnings.The UNECE gender statistics database presents two indicators on gender pay gap, which represent two different concerns of gender equality.

Gender Pay Gap in hourly wage rates refers to the gender gap in average hourly earnings. This indicator aims to capture the difference between men’s and women’s overall position in the labor market. It measures the difference between men’s and women’s wage rates independent of the number of hours worked, the type of activity or the type of occupation.

Gender Pay Gap in monthly earnings refers to the gender gap in average monthly earnings. This indicator aims to capture the variance between men’s and women’s earnings over a specific period of time. It reflects differences in time worked and type of work performed, which translates into gender differences in economic autonomy.

Wage rates are earnings elements meant to be measured, as stipulated by the ILO Resolution concerning an integrated system of wages statistics (ILO, 1973), in relation to an appropriate time period such as the hour, day, week, month or other customary period used for purposes of determining the wage rates concerned. In the case of these statistics, the reference time period is the hour.
Wage rates should include basic wages, cost-of-living allowances and other guaranteed and regularly paid allowances, but exclude overtime payments, bonuses and gratuities, family allowances and other social security payments made by employers. Ex gratia payments in kind, supplementary to normal wage rates, are also excluded.

Earnings relate to remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as for annual vacation, other paid leave or holidays.
Earnings include direct wages and salaries for the time worked, or work done, remuneration for time not worked, bonuses and gratuities and housing and family allowances paid by the employer directly to his employee.
Earnings exclude employers’ contributions in respect of their employees paid to social security and pension schemes and also the benefits received by employees under these schemes. Earnings also exclude severance and termination pay.
Gross earnings refer to total earnings before any deductions are made by the employer in respect of taxes, contributions of employees to social security and pension schemes, life insurance premiums, union dues and other obligations of employees.
Net earnings refer to pay allocated to the worker after deductions are made by the employer in respect of taxes, contributions of employees to social security and pension schemes, life insurance premiums, union dues and other obligations of employees.

For the EU and EFTA member states, data on Gender Pay Gap in hourly wage rates cover the economic activities as follows: industry, construction and services, except public administration, defense, compulsory social security, activities of households as employers and extra-territorial organisations and bodies (NACE Rev.2, sections from B to S excluding O).

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Country: Albania

Average gross hourly wage rate:
- 2018: Source of information: Structure of Earnings Survey

Average gross monthly earnings:
- 2014- onwards: Source of information: General Directorate of Taxation, social insurance contributors;INSTAT calculation

Country: Armenia

- Y2018-Y2021: Break in series (see Labor Market in Armenia, 2022 https://www.armstat.am/file/article/lab_market_20-2-2_14.pdf )
- Y2000-Y2017: Primary source: Other - Statistical reporting data.
- For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, data cover paid employees.

Country: Austria

- Gross monthly earnings refer to the monthly amount in the main job. It includes usual paid overtime, tips and commission but excludes income from investments, assets, savings, stocks and shares.
- ISCED-11 is used from survey year 2014 onwards. Prior to 2014 ISCED-97 was used.
- 2006-2018: For average hourly wages, source is SES.
- 2004- onwards: For average monthly earnings, source is EU-SILC.

Country: Belarus

- Y1995-onwards: Primary source: enterprise-based data. Enterprises with less than 100 employees are excluded.
- From Y2016, data are presented taking into account currency change (a reduction by 10,000 times)

Country: Bulgaria

Y2000- onwards: Data cover employees under labour contract only and are compiled from enterprise survey. Overtime payments are included in average earnings.

Country: Canada

Y2000- onwards: For GPG in hourly earnings, data covers employees only, self-employed are excluded. The Labour Force Survey does not produce monthly earning estimates, data provided were instead expressed as the average weekly gross earnings.

Country: Croatia

- Y2020-Y2021: Data for monthly earnings exclude employees in craft and trade. Data on monthly gross earnings were gathered by processing data from the Report on Income, Income Tax and Surtax as well as Contributions for Mandatory Insurances (JOPPD form).
- Y2003-Y2019: Data for monthly earnings exclude employees in craft and trade. Data from 2003 to 2018 comes from primary source: Enterprise Survey (NACE Rev 2, A-S)

Country: Cyprus

Data are based on the results of the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) for years 2006 and 2010. Data for 2006 and 2010 have been revised to better reflect the definitions provided by UNECE.Hourly Wage Rate includes normal salary and regular bonuses paid to the employee (including payments for shift work). It excludes overtime payments, irregular bonuses and payments in kind.Monthly earnings include normal salary, regular bonuses paid to the employee (including payments for shift work) and payments for overtime. They exclude irregular bonuses and payments in kind.Coverage: Enterprises in all economic activities, excluding Agriculture, Fishing, Activities of Private Households and Extra-territorial Organisations. All enterprises covered had one or more employees. Self-employed are not covered.Geographical coverage: data refer to Government controlled areas only.

Country: Czechia

Since 2011 all employees included in the sample surveys,including employees of enterprises with less than ten employees, employees of non-profit organizations, and also own-account workers that had not been measuredbefore.

Country: Estonia

- Y2004-Y2021: Primary Source: Income and/or Living conditions surveys.
- For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, data exclude self-employed persons. From 2014, breakdown by education is according to ISCED-2011.

Country: Finland

- Y2016- onwards: Source data: yearly Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland. Classification of education: ISCED-2011.
- Y2004- onwards: The method of defining part/full-timers changed in 2001. Data do not include irregular bonuses, housing and family allowances. Average monthly earnings data cover only full-time employees. Source data: yearly Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland. Classification of education: ISCED-97.

Country: France

For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Earlier data are compiled from national sources.
For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, the underlying average earnings data for 2006 are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey and cover employees in enterprises of 10 or more employees only. People working in public sector are not covered in data up to 2009. From 2014 data include overseas departments.

Country: Georgia

Territorial change (2000 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region

Country: Germany

- Y2002-2022: Earnings Survey, according to Eurostat-Definition: NACE Ref.: B-S, without O, no enterprises with less than 10 employees; Between 2018 and 2022: Break in time series
- Y2010, Y2014, Y2018: Structure of Earnings survey, NACE Ref. 2: B-S, w/o O.
- Y2006: Structure of Earnings survey, NACE Ref. 1.1: C-O, w/o L.

Country: Greece

For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2002 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Earlier data are compiled from national sources.
For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, the underlying average earnings data from 2006 on are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey and cover employees in enterprises of 10 or more employees only. People working in public sector are not covered.

Country: Hungary

- Y2019-Y2021: Institutional labour statistics data provision system. As of 2019, average monthly earnings by gender are calculated from the the social security reports of the National tax Authority. Between 2018 and 2019 there is a break in the time series, the comprability of the data are limited.
- Y2017-Y2018: Source: Structure of Earnings Survey (SES). Until 2018 SES survey was carried out by the National Employment Services.

Country: Iceland

- Y2008- onwards: The figures include both the private and the public sectors.
- Y2000- onwards: The results are based on the dataset of The Icelandic survey on Wages, Earnings, Labour Cost. Data covers around 90% of the labour market of Iceland. From 2018, the economic activity Accommodation and Food Service Activities (I) was added to the dataset. This economic activity is not present in earlier data (2000-2017).
- Y2000-Y2007: Due to lack of available data, the presented figures for the years 2000-2007 comprise the private sector only.

Country: Ireland

Y2011-Y2018: Earnings per month = Weekly Earnings * 4.3325 Source: Earnings Analysis Using Administrative Data Sources (CSO Ireland).

Country: Israel

- Y1990 - onwards: Primary source: Household budget survey; A change at the survey methodology occurs in 2019.
- Change in definition (2006 - 2012): Data cover both - paid employees and self-employed

Country: Italy

- Y2019-Y2021: Primary source: Other - Register data: Labour Register (or its available sources) for wages and hours; Business Register for information at economic unit level (NACE); Population Register for individual information (sex, level of education). Monthly earnings, adjusted to fit the SES definition.
- Y2010-Y2018: Primary source: Enterprise survey. Monthly earnings, underlying average earnings data are compiled from SES data from 2010. Additional information: The data of 2010, 2014, 2018 correspond to the SES definition of monthly earnings published on Eurostat database (var. B42 in the SES coding, adjusted for the part-time workers with the Share of a full-timer’s normal hours -B271). The main difference with the definition requested is that the SES definition refers to the month of october and excludes bonuses and other items not payable each month. There is a break in the series between 2009 and 2010.
- Y2006-Y2009: Monthly earnings data are compiled from households surveys (EU-SILC) from 2006 to 2009 and from European Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) from 2010 onwards. The main difference with the SES definition is that the SES definition refers to the month of october and excludes bonuses and other items not payable each month. There is a break in the series between 2009 and 2010.

Country: Kazakhstan

Average monthly nominal wages per employee is determined by dividing the amount of accrued payroll to the actual number of employees and the number of months in the reporting period.

Country: Kyrgyzstan

Figures for hourly earnings are obtained by dividing the average monthly earnings by the average number of monthly working hours.

Country: Latvia

- Y1995- onwards: From 2004 data covers full- and part-time employees at the main and secondary job recalculated into full time equivalent, before 2004 - only employees at the main job recalculated into full time equivalent. Data excludes remuneration in kind. Additional information: The short-term wage statistics. National GPG indicator.

Country: Lithuania

Y1995-onwards: Primary source: Enterprise survey - Administrative sources and data on Quarterly Survey on Wages and Salaries until Y2009, from 2009 data on annual earnings survey. Additional information: Since 1 January 2019 the calculations of state social insurance contributions have changed. The burden of payment of the larger part, i.e. 28.9% of State social insurance contributions paid by the employers will be transferred to the employees. Respectively, the employers will be obliged to recalculate gross wage of the employee by increasing it by 1.289; Currency: From 1995 untill 2007 LTL, from 2008– EUR, ratio 1 EUR=3,4528 LTL

Country: Luxembourg

For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys.
For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, data are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. Average monthly earnings are based on full-time equivalent employees, reference month is october. NACE B to S exclunding O

Country: Malta

For gender pay gap in hourly earnings, data from 2006 are compiled from European Structure of Earnings Surveys. For gender pay gap in monthly earnings, the underlying average earnings data for 2006 are compiled from EU Structure of Earnings Survey and cover employees in enterprises of 10 or more employees only. People working in public sector are not covered.

Country: Netherlands

The underlying average earnings refer to employees only and do not include bonuses, gratuities, housing and family allowances.

Country: Norway

- Y2016-onwards: Data refer to full-time equivalent of paid employees only. Reference period: november month each year. Data includes various additional allowances, bonuses, commissions and do not include payment for overtime work.
- Y2015: Data refer to full-time equivalent of paid employees only. Reference period: III quarter of each year. Data includes various additional allowances, bonuses, commissions and do not include payment for overtime work.
- Y1995-Y2014: Data refer to full-time equivalent of paid employees only. Reference period: III quarter of each year. Data includes various additional allowances, bonuses, commissions and do not include payment for overtime work.

Country: Poland

- Change in definition (2006 - 2020): Data refer to full-time and part-time employees. Family allowances are not included. Structure of Earnings Survey. Poland already compiles ISCED-97 data to 2012. Poland already compiles ISCED-11 data from 2014.
- Change in definition (2001 - 2004): Data refer to full-time employees only. Family allowances are not included. Structure of Earnings Survey. Poland already compiles ISCED-97.
- Since 2001, the methodology of calculating total gross monthly and hourly wages has not changed due to the consistency of definitions and figures. Earnings for the period from 2001 to 2020 are shown as earnings for time paid.

Country: Romania

- Y2018-Y2021: The average monthly gross earnings refers to the entire year. According to the national legislation provisions in force (GEO No. 79/2017, as subsequently amended and supplemented), the social security contribution and the social health insurance contribution paid by the employer were transferred to the employee; thus, starting with the reference year 2018, these contributions are borne entirely by the employee, and reflected in the gross amount of the nominal earnings. Consequently, the indicator ''average monthly gross earnings'' produced and disseminated starting with the reference year 2018 is no longer comparable to previous data series.

Country: Russian Federation

Change in definition (2005 - 2013): Underlying Earnings data do not include end of year, seniority, bonus payments and other nonrecurrent payments . Data include employees worked whole October; data exclude non-regular, temporary, contractual, absent due to different reasons (maternity, sabbatical, annual leave), part-time workers and others.

Country: Serbia

- Y2018-onwards: Break in series: Since 2018, the source for collecting data on average wages and salaries has been changed. The data are obtained from the the Tax Administration records. The coverage scope is also extended and covers all business entities and all employees who received earnings. The data refer to September.
- Until Y2017: Primary source: Enterprise survey. The data refer to September.

Country: Slovakia

Y2000-2021: Source: National Structure of Earnings Survey (SES).

Country: Slovenia

- Data for 2021 are provisional. Methodological explanations: h--ttps://www.stat.si/statweb/File/DocSysFile/8333
- In 2007 EURO was introduced instead of the national currency SIT.
- Y2003 onwards: Source for the average monthly earnings: Statistical Survey Structure of earnings statistics.
- Y2002: Source: Statistical Survey Earnings by Level of Professional Skills, School Education and Working Hours. Included are all persons in paid employment (permanent or temporary) in enterprises, companies and organisations who worked for all 12 months.
Y2001: Source: Statstical Survey Earnings by Level of Professional Skills. Included are all persons in paid employment (permanent or temporary) in enterprises, companies and organisations who worked for all 12 months
- Y1995: Source: Statstical Survey Earnings of Persons in Paid Employment by Level of Professional Skills Required by Post. Included are all persons in paid employment (permanent or temporary) in enterprises, companies and organisations who worked for all 12 months.

Country: Spain

- Y2004-onwards: Structure of earnings surveys. There is a four-yearly survey since 2002 regulated by UE and since 2004, those years when the four-yearly survey is not conducted, there is an annual structure of earnings survey that obtains estimates of the gross annual earnings per employee. Data are annual earnings divided by 12 months.The coverage has been extended to all size units. The desing of this survey is equal to the four-yearly one (for years 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018) so the results are completely comparable for totals but there are less classification variables in the annual survey like the education level . Therefore, the breakdown on education level is only available each 4 years since 2002.
- ISCED-97 is used in 2002-2010 and ISCED-11 since 2014.
- Y2002 only: The results have been obtained as annual average of quarterly data form a wage survey. The coverage are local units wit 5 or more employees.
- Y2000-onwards: The results came from a four-yearly structure of earnings survey following the requirements of the European Union. The coverage are local units with 10 or more employees.

Country: Sweden

Change in definition (2000 - 2013): The Data cover only employees and exlude irregular bonuses and gratuities.

Country: Switzerland

Y2000-Y2020:
- Additional information (2020): The data concern only the private sector - monthly earnings.
- Up to 2010 the data on earnings cover employees in private and public federal sectors. Since 2012, the data concern only the private sector.
- The underlying average earnings data exclude overtime pay and family allowances and refer to full-time equivalents.
- GPG figures computed from median earnings instead of averages.
- Source: ESS Swiss Earnings Structure Survey.

Country: Ukraine

From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control.

Country: Ukraine

- Up to 2009, the data do not cover small businesses, since 2010 the data include enterprises, institutions and organizations with 10 and more employees.
- The data are based on the results of a survey of enterprises on labor statistics.
- Hourly wages are calculated by dividing the wage fund of full-time employees by the hours they work.

Country: United Kingdom

Monthly earnings are from the UK Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) and defined as average gross weekly earnings for the reference period (Gpay), multiplied by 4.348. Earnings are of those over 15 only.