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What is UNECE

Share of women among tertiary students

Tertiary students are those enrolled in levels 5-8 of the ISCED 2011 (previously in levels 5A, 5B and 6 of the ISCED 1997) for the academic year concerned. Levels 5, 6, 7 in ISCED 2011 together correspond to level 5 in ISCED 1997. ISCED 2011 level 5, or short-cycle tertiary education, corresponds to ISCED 1997 level 5B and captures the lowest level of tertiary education. Programmes at this level are practically based, occupationally specific and are mainly designed for participants to acquire practical skills. Programmes at ISCED 2011 level 6, or Bachelor’s or equivalent, are often designed to provide participants with intermediate academic and/or professional knowledge, skills and competencies, leading to a first degree or equivalent qualification. Programmes at ISCED 2011 level 7, or Master’s or equivalent, are designed to provide participants with advanced academic and/or professional knowledge, skills and competencies, leading to a second degree or equivalent qualification. They may have a substantial research component but do not yet lead to the award of a doctoral qualification. Programmes at ISCED 1997 level 5A are largely theoretically based and intended to provide sufficient qualifications for gaining entry into advanced research programmes and professions with high skill requirements, but do not necessarily distinguish between a first and second university degree. ISCED2011 level 8, or doctoral or equivalent, is reserved for tertiary programmes leading to the award of an advanced research qualification and corresponds to ISCED 1997 level 6. Fields of study are given based on ISCED 1997. The reference year corresponds to the beginning of the school/academic year. For example, 2012 stands for school/academic year 2012/2013.

Share of women among tertiary students
Percent

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Education, Science & ICT
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Proportion of men with tertiary education level
Proportion of women who use internet weekly
Proportion of women with tertiary education level
Share of women among researchers
Share of women among tertiary students
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Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Albania 58.4 58.0 56.3 56.5 55.7 55.4 55.5 55.9 56.5 56.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Azerbaijan 47.5 50.9 49.8 49.6 49.4 49.7 50.0 51.1 51.5 .. .. .. 51.0 .. .. .. ..
Austria 53.8 53.7 53.3 53.2 53.1 53.4 53.4 53.4 53.3 53.2 53.0 52.9 52.9 53.3 53.7 54.2 54.6
Armenia 58.1 57.7 57.6 56.8 56.6 55.9 56.0 54.4 55.0 55.0 55.8 55.0 55.1 54.4 55.7 55.5 56.0
Belgium 54.7 54.9 55.0 54.8 55.2 55.3 55.5 55.7 55.9 55.9 55.7 55.6 55.6 56.1 56.0 .. ..
Bosnia and Herzegovina 55.2 55.4 55.9 56.0 55.9 55.7 55.5 55.3 55.7 56.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Bulgaria 53.5 53.7 55.3 55.6 55.5 55.1 54.6 54.5 54.3 54.6 53.9 53.7 53.7 54.0 54.0 .. ..
Belarus 56.8 57.5 58.3 58.2 57.7 57.4 56.9 56.1 55.8 55.6 54.9 54.1 52.9 .. .. .. ..
Canada 57.3 57.2 57.0 57.0 56.6 56.4 56.2 56.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Croatia 54.1 54.1 54.6 55.0 59.6 57.3 56.7 56.5 56.6 56.5 56.9 56.8 57.0 57.2 57.2 .. ..
Cyprus 50.9 50.1 49.0 46.8 46.1 49.8 53.1 55.4 57.4 56.8 54.7 54.0 53.1 53.2 54.1 .. ..
Czechia 53.8 54.7 55.5 56.5 56.8 57.2 57.2 57.4 57.1 57.3 57.3 57.4 57.1 57.0 57.0 .. ..
Denmark 57.4 57.6 58.0 58.2 58.1 57.6 57.4 56.9 57.3 57.1 56.4 56.4 56.5 56.7 56.9 .. ..
Estonia 61.6 61.1 61.7 61.9 60.9 59.7 59.2 58.5 58.7 58.8 58.6 58.8 58.7 58.7 58.7 .. ..
Finland 53.9 54.0 54.2 54.0 53.8 54.0 53.7 53.7 53.6 53.6 53.3 53.1 53.1 53.3 53.9 .. ..
France 55.3 55.3 55.2 55.2 55.0 54.8 54.8 54.6 54.5 54.5 54.4 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.9 .. ..
Georgia 52.4 52.0 54.1 54.9 55.3 54.3 55.9 55.9 55.0 54.0 52.1 51.2 50.2 .. .. .. ..
Germany 49.7 49.7 49.7 51.4 51.3 50.6 50.1 47.1 47.4 47.9 48.2 48.5 48.8 48.5 49.2 .. ..
Greece 50.9 50.4 .. .. 49.8 .. 49.1 48.8 48.7 48.6 48.5 48.6 48.7 49.4 49.5 .. ..
Hungary 58.5 58.3 58.0 56.8 56.5 55.9 55.5 55.2 55.2 54.5 54.3 54.2 53.9 53.9 54.0 .. ..
Iceland 64.3 64.1 64.4 64.3 63.4 62.2 62.5 62.2 62.4 62.9 63.7 63.7 63.6 64.8 65.1 .. ..
Ireland 55.1 55.2 54.2 53.9 52.4 51.7 50.9 50.5 50.5 50.9 51.5 51.6 52.0 52.4 53.3 .. ..
Israel 55.1 55.8 55.6 55.7 55.6 56.0 55.8 56.2 56.1 56.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Italy 56.9 57.2 57.4 57.7 57.6 57.6 57.5 57.1 56.9 56.3 56.0 55.6 55.5 55.5 55.8 .. ..
Kazakhstan 57.6 .. .. .. .. .. 55.6 55.7 55.4 55.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Kyrgyzstan 55.6 56.1 57.4 57.1 56.4 55.3 55.4 55.8 55.8 55.7 55.1 55.2 55.5 55.0 54.6 54.5 53.4
Latvia 63.3 63.9 64.4 63.7 62.7 61.1 59.6 59.0 57.5 59.6 59.1 57.9 58.1 56.2 55.8 .. ..
Liechtenstein 30.7 31.8 33.0 31.7 37.2 33.3 34.6 31.8 32.2 32.1 35.4 37.8 35.8 36.8 37.7 .. ..
Lithuania 59.9 60.0 59.9 59.2 59.4 59.0 58.4 58.4 58.1 57.6 56.9 56.5 56.4 56.8 57.3 .. ..
Luxembourg .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51.2 51.4 51.0 51.0 50.9 51.9 52.1 52.8 .. ..
Malta 57.0 57.4 57.9 56.5 56.3 56.5 56.1 55.5 54.9 55.9 54.5 55.9 55.9 56.8 57.0 .. ..
Republic of Moldova 57.4 57.3 58.3 57.3 56.4 56.7 56.0 55.5 55.9 56.3 56.3 55.6 56.1 .. .. .. ..
Montenegro 59.8 57.2 54.5 55.2 54.3 53.9 54.7 53.8 53.4 53.4 53.8 54.4 55.5 .. .. .. ..
Netherlands 51.3 51.6 51.7 51.8 51.8 51.8 51.4 51.5 51.3 52.3 51.9 52.3 52.1 52.1 52.6 .. ..
Norway 59.7 60.2 60.8 61.1 60.8 60.3 60.1 58.8 57.8 57.9 58.2 58.3 58.1 58.1 58.3 .. ..
Poland 57.4 57.4 57.6 57.9 59.2 59.9 59.9 59.8 59.4 59.0 59.0 59.0 59.3 59.5 59.0 .. ..
Portugal 55.2 54.0 53.5 53.4 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.0 53.5 53.3 53.1 53.2 53.5 53.8 53.8 .. ..
Romania 55.4 56.1 56.3 56.3 56.4 56.0 54.3 53.9 53.8 53.7 53.9 53.9 54.2 54.5 54.6 .. ..
Russian Federation 56.2 56.1 56.1 56.0 55.7 55.4 54.1 53.4 52.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Serbia 55.3 55.3 55.4 55.2 55.3 55.6 55.8 55.8 55.4 55.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Slovakia 57.7 58.9 60.3 60.5 59.7 59.6 59.6 59.7 59.7 59.6 59.2 59.2 59.0 58.9 58.5 .. ..
Slovenia 58.4 58.3 58.1 58.0 57.8 60.6 57.7 57.5 58.3 58.2 57.6 57.5 57.5 57.6 57.3 .. ..
Spain 53.9 54.0 54.0 54.1 53.9 53.9 53.6 53.5 53.3 53.1 53.3 53.3 53.6 53.7 54.1 .. ..
Sweden 59.6 59.9 60.3 60.1 59.4 59.1 59.7 59.7 59.4 59.0 59.4 59.5 60.1 60.1 60.2 .. ..
Switzerland 46.9 47.6 49.3 49.7 49.2 49.2 49.3 49.5 49.5 49.8 49.6 49.7 49.8 50.1 50.5 .. ..
Tajikistan 26.8 27.4 28.2 29.0 29.1 28.9 33.9 35.4 37.1 39.3 40.9 42.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Türkiye 42.4 42.6 43.1 43.6 44.4 45.2 45.4 45.6 45.8 46.0 45.9 46.0 46.5 47.5 48.3 .. ..
Turkmenistan 43.1 42.9 42.1 41.2 40.0 38.8 38.3 39.1 38.5 39.9 41.7 42.3 43.3 44.7 46.2 47.4 48.6
Ukraine 53.5 53.7 53.8 54.1 53.7 53.0 52.3 53.2 52.4 52.4 .. .. 51.6 .. .. .. ..
North Macedonia 56.7 54.5 53.2 53.0 52.6 53.2 53.3 54.6 54.5 54.3 54.9 55.6 55.5 56.5 57.0 .. ..
United Kingdom 57.3 57.2 57.2 57.0 56.6 56.4 56.3 56.1 56.0 56.2 56.4 56.7 56.8 56.9 .. .. ..
United States 57.4 57.3 57.2 57.1 57.1 57.0 57.0 56.6 56.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Uzbekistan 40.9 41.0 39.9 40.5 40.0 38.6 36.7 36.5 37.3 37.5 38.1 38.2 40.0 44.3 45.9 45.5 45.6
Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Albania 58.4 58.0 56.3 56.5 55.7 55.4 55.5 55.9 56.5 56.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Azerbaijan 47.5 50.9 49.8 49.6 49.4 49.7 50.0 51.1 51.5 .. .. .. 51.0 .. .. .. ..
Austria 53.8 53.7 53.3 53.2 53.1 53.4 53.4 53.4 53.3 53.2 53.0 52.9 52.9 53.3 53.7 54.2 54.6
Armenia 58.1 57.7 57.6 56.8 56.6 55.9 56.0 54.4 55.0 55.0 55.8 55.0 55.1 54.4 55.7 55.5 56.0
Belgium 54.7 54.9 55.0 54.8 55.2 55.3 55.5 55.7 55.9 55.9 55.7 55.6 55.6 56.1 56.0 .. ..
Bosnia and Herzegovina 55.2 55.4 55.9 56.0 55.9 55.7 55.5 55.3 55.7 56.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Bulgaria 53.5 53.7 55.3 55.6 55.5 55.1 54.6 54.5 54.3 54.6 53.9 53.7 53.7 54.0 54.0 .. ..
Belarus 56.8 57.5 58.3 58.2 57.7 57.4 56.9 56.1 55.8 55.6 54.9 54.1 52.9 .. .. .. ..
Canada 57.3 57.2 57.0 57.0 56.6 56.4 56.2 56.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Croatia 54.1 54.1 54.6 55.0 59.6 57.3 56.7 56.5 56.6 56.5 56.9 56.8 57.0 57.2 57.2 .. ..
Cyprus 50.9 50.1 49.0 46.8 46.1 49.8 53.1 55.4 57.4 56.8 54.7 54.0 53.1 53.2 54.1 .. ..
Czechia 53.8 54.7 55.5 56.5 56.8 57.2 57.2 57.4 57.1 57.3 57.3 57.4 57.1 57.0 57.0 .. ..
Denmark 57.4 57.6 58.0 58.2 58.1 57.6 57.4 56.9 57.3 57.1 56.4 56.4 56.5 56.7 56.9 .. ..
Estonia 61.6 61.1 61.7 61.9 60.9 59.7 59.2 58.5 58.7 58.8 58.6 58.8 58.7 58.7 58.7 .. ..
Finland 53.9 54.0 54.2 54.0 53.8 54.0 53.7 53.7 53.6 53.6 53.3 53.1 53.1 53.3 53.9 .. ..
France 55.3 55.3 55.2 55.2 55.0 54.8 54.8 54.6 54.5 54.5 54.4 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.9 .. ..
Georgia 52.4 52.0 54.1 54.9 55.3 54.3 55.9 55.9 55.0 54.0 52.1 51.2 50.2 .. .. .. ..
Germany 49.7 49.7 49.7 51.4 51.3 50.6 50.1 47.1 47.4 47.9 48.2 48.5 48.8 48.5 49.2 .. ..
Greece 50.9 50.4 .. .. 49.8 .. 49.1 48.8 48.7 48.6 48.5 48.6 48.7 49.4 49.5 .. ..
Hungary 58.5 58.3 58.0 56.8 56.5 55.9 55.5 55.2 55.2 54.5 54.3 54.2 53.9 53.9 54.0 .. ..
Iceland 64.3 64.1 64.4 64.3 63.4 62.2 62.5 62.2 62.4 62.9 63.7 63.7 63.6 64.8 65.1 .. ..
Ireland 55.1 55.2 54.2 53.9 52.4 51.7 50.9 50.5 50.5 50.9 51.5 51.6 52.0 52.4 53.3 .. ..
Israel 55.1 55.8 55.6 55.7 55.6 56.0 55.8 56.2 56.1 56.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Italy 56.9 57.2 57.4 57.7 57.6 57.6 57.5 57.1 56.9 56.3 56.0 55.6 55.5 55.5 55.8 .. ..
Kazakhstan 57.6 .. .. .. .. .. 55.6 55.7 55.4 55.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Kyrgyzstan 55.6 56.1 57.4 57.1 56.4 55.3 55.4 55.8 55.8 55.7 55.1 55.2 55.5 55.0 54.6 54.5 53.4
Latvia 63.3 63.9 64.4 63.7 62.7 61.1 59.6 59.0 57.5 59.6 59.1 57.9 58.1 56.2 55.8 .. ..
Liechtenstein 30.7 31.8 33.0 31.7 37.2 33.3 34.6 31.8 32.2 32.1 35.4 37.8 35.8 36.8 37.7 .. ..
Lithuania 59.9 60.0 59.9 59.2 59.4 59.0 58.4 58.4 58.1 57.6 56.9 56.5 56.4 56.8 57.3 .. ..
Luxembourg .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51.2 51.4 51.0 51.0 50.9 51.9 52.1 52.8 .. ..
Malta 57.0 57.4 57.9 56.5 56.3 56.5 56.1 55.5 54.9 55.9 54.5 55.9 55.9 56.8 57.0 .. ..
Republic of Moldova 57.4 57.3 58.3 57.3 56.4 56.7 56.0 55.5 55.9 56.3 56.3 55.6 56.1 .. .. .. ..
Montenegro 59.8 57.2 54.5 55.2 54.3 53.9 54.7 53.8 53.4 53.4 53.8 54.4 55.5 .. .. .. ..
Netherlands 51.3 51.6 51.7 51.8 51.8 51.8 51.4 51.5 51.3 52.3 51.9 52.3 52.1 52.1 52.6 .. ..
Norway 59.7 60.2 60.8 61.1 60.8 60.3 60.1 58.8 57.8 57.9 58.2 58.3 58.1 58.1 58.3 .. ..
Poland 57.4 57.4 57.6 57.9 59.2 59.9 59.9 59.8 59.4 59.0 59.0 59.0 59.3 59.5 59.0 .. ..
Portugal 55.2 54.0 53.5 53.4 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.0 53.5 53.3 53.1 53.2 53.5 53.8 53.8 .. ..
Romania 55.4 56.1 56.3 56.3 56.4 56.0 54.3 53.9 53.8 53.7 53.9 53.9 54.2 54.5 54.6 .. ..
Russian Federation 56.2 56.1 56.1 56.0 55.7 55.4 54.1 53.4 52.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Serbia 55.3 55.3 55.4 55.2 55.3 55.6 55.8 55.8 55.4 55.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Slovakia 57.7 58.9 60.3 60.5 59.7 59.6 59.6 59.7 59.7 59.6 59.2 59.2 59.0 58.9 58.5 .. ..
Slovenia 58.4 58.3 58.1 58.0 57.8 60.6 57.7 57.5 58.3 58.2 57.6 57.5 57.5 57.6 57.3 .. ..
Spain 53.9 54.0 54.0 54.1 53.9 53.9 53.6 53.5 53.3 53.1 53.3 53.3 53.6 53.7 54.1 .. ..
Sweden 59.6 59.9 60.3 60.1 59.4 59.1 59.7 59.7 59.4 59.0 59.4 59.5 60.1 60.1 60.2 .. ..
Switzerland 46.9 47.6 49.3 49.7 49.2 49.2 49.3 49.5 49.5 49.8 49.6 49.7 49.8 50.1 50.5 .. ..
Tajikistan 26.8 27.4 28.2 29.0 29.1 28.9 33.9 35.4 37.1 39.3 40.9 42.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Türkiye 42.4 42.6 43.1 43.6 44.4 45.2 45.4 45.6 45.8 46.0 45.9 46.0 46.5 47.5 48.3 .. ..
Turkmenistan 43.1 42.9 42.1 41.2 40.0 38.8 38.3 39.1 38.5 39.9 41.7 42.3 43.3 44.7 46.2 47.4 48.6
Ukraine 53.5 53.7 53.8 54.1 53.7 53.0 52.3 53.2 52.4 52.4 .. .. 51.6 .. .. .. ..
North Macedonia 56.7 54.5 53.2 53.0 52.6 53.2 53.3 54.6 54.5 54.3 54.9 55.6 55.5 56.5 57.0 .. ..
United Kingdom 57.3 57.2 57.2 57.0 56.6 56.4 56.3 56.1 56.0 56.2 56.4 56.7 56.8 56.9 .. .. ..
United States 57.4 57.3 57.2 57.1 57.1 57.0 57.0 56.6 56.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Uzbekistan 40.9 41.0 39.9 40.5 40.0 38.6 36.7 36.5 37.3 37.5 38.1 38.2 40.0 44.3 45.9 45.5 45.6

Footnote:  
For female tertiary students footnotes click here. The reference year corresponds to the beginning of the school/academic year. For example, 2012 stands for school/academic year 2012/2013.