Share of women among employers - Data Portal - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Share of women among employers

Percent

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Labour & Work-life Balance

Employment rate of women aged 25-49 with less than 3 year old child

Enrolment rate of children in child care

Gender pay gap in monthly earning

Share of women among employers

Share of women in labour force

Unemployment rate, men

Unemployment rate, women

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Country	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Albania	..	..	10.4	15.9	10.7	12.5	27.8	28.6	28.1	12.3	17.6	21.2	21.9	..	16.1	16.3	15.4	..	..
Azerbaijan	..	..	..	..	..	49.0	48.9	43.0	41.7	40.9	37.4	39.3	39.3	37.1	33.1	32.3	30.6	..	..
Austria	22.3	24.6	24.6	25.6	25.5	25.5	24.4	23.8	23.8	24.2	25.7	26.3	26.8	25.7	24.9	25.3	24.6	24.7	24.9
Armenia	..	..	9.5	13.1	7.9	11.7	22.0	26.0	16.3	19.5	18.1	18.4	20.4	15.0	14.5	24.1	20.8	..	..
Belgium	21.7	22.7	22.3	22.2	23.0	24.3	20.7	23.1	24.2	26.7	25.8	26.1	28.3	27.6	26.9	26.0	28.0	29.5	26.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	..	21.5	22.0	25.3	24.2	25.7	28.9	24.2	24.2	27.2	23.0	26.6	26.4	26.4	26.7	38.3	25.9	..	..
Bulgaria	27.7	26.2	27.1	29.0	27.8	28.4	29.6	29.4	27.4	27.3	25.8	27.8	28.1	26.7	27.8	27.2	29.2	29.7	29.8
Belarus	..	..	..	..	31.3	..	..	..	..	33.9	29.9	27.2	30.0	33.2	36.7	28.0	27.7	..	..
Canada	26.6	27.1	25.9	25.8	25.3	25.2	26.8	26.0	25.9	26.4	26.9	26.8	27.2	27.6	28.0	27.1	27.3	26.4	..
Croatia	25.4	28.5	24.3	25.0	23.8	27.7	30.0	29.6	25.7	27.1	28.6	29.8	31.1	32.9	28.6	25.3	25.1	29.3	27.4
Cyprus	12.1	11.9	13.0	10.8	14.7	13.9	16.1	16.5	15.6	13.4	20.5	18.2	17.7	19.5	28.4	20.0	23.8	33.3	31.0
Czechia	23.2	23.5	21.4	22.6	22.6	21.0	21.8	22.9	24.5	20.8	23.1	22.8	22.2	23.2	26.2	22.2	23.8	26.0	25.5
Denmark	16.4	20.9	20.2	20.5	20.6	20.7	21.8	20.5	22.7	22.1	22.7	24.0	22.2	22.8	23.3	20.9	23.7	22.0	24.7
Estonia	24.5	20.7	23.5	22.4	23.1	20.3	20.2	17.6	18.8	19.6	25.3	28.3	25.8	21.6	22.8	19.5	21.5	24.6	25.7
Finland	24.7	25.8	26.2	24.5	23.2	24.6	26.1	22.6	22.2	22.6	24.6	24.0	24.0	24.5	25.4	24.2	21.8	20.8	20.5
France	22.5	22.1	24.5	26.1	23.1	22.4	24.2	24.4	24.2	23.3	25.1	26.1	26.4	24.9	25.2	27.0	28.3	29.3	29.7
Georgia	19.0	24.0	27.5	30.6	25.5	19.3	27.1	23.0	19.1	23.9	40.9	34.7	30.1	29.2	27.1	25.9	19.8	..	..
Germany	24.1	24.2	23.7	23.9	24.1	24.5	24.3	24.2	24.6	25.2	25.3	25.5	25.5	25.2	25.3	24.8	25.2	26.5	25.8
Greece	19.3	20.0	20.2	20.3	20.4	21.0	22.9	24.6	26.3	26.1	27.0	28.2	27.5	25.9	27.1	28.1	28.3	26.4	24.6
Hungary	27.9	27.6	27.6	26.5	27.5	29.2	27.8	27.4	27.7	27.1	27.7	29.1	28.2	28.1	29.5	30.8	27.9	28.6	27.9
Iceland	25.0	22.1	25.9	23.5	17.6	26.5	26.1	26.5	26.4	19.1	19.7	24.7	22.7	27.5	21.4	21.4	21.5	22.4	23.5
Ireland	17.6	17.2	19.0	19.0	21.0	22.0	22.4	23.4	25.3	21.6	22.1	24.3	23.2	23.7	23.2	26.3	24.6	22.2	25.0
Israel	16.1	16.5	18.5	17.9	17.3	17.1	18.8	18.8	19.2	19.0	17.9	17.9	19.9	19.6	19.9	19.6	20.9	..	..
Italy	21.4	22.2	22.1	22.4	22.0	22.0	22.5	24.0	24.7	23.8	25.8	26.0	25.3	24.5	26.0	25.0	25.9	25.6	25.6
Kazakhstan	23.2	31.0	33.6	35.0	37.9	38.1	39.8	31.2	29.6	31.0	28.0	29.0	33.5	34.9	33.8	33.4	34.3	..	..
Kyrgyzstan	22.4	24.0	23.3	29.4	35.5	23.4	29.4	26.7	28.0	24.8	33.1	35.9	31.2	26.4	22.6	19.4	17.8	..	..
Latvia	34.7	35.7	30.0	27.3	26.3	35.5	34.3	33.4	35.2	29.8	30.4	29.9	33.9	31.3	34.9	38.0	31.2	29.2	31.6
Liechtenstein	..	..	..	..	..	22.0	..	..	..	..	23.0	..	..	..	..	24.4	..	..	..
Lithuania	29.4	30.7	26.9	23.0	27.7	26.8	29.4	30.2	28.1	29.1	29.8	30.2	28.7	30.4	26.0	25.5	35.7	33.7	24.7
Luxembourg	24.1	23.1	26.7	24.5	21.3	23.9	25.0	25.3	29.7	21.7	29.3	29.4	27.8	29.3	27.4	28.3	31.1	33.3	38.7
Malta	11.9	10.4	10.4	9.9	11.6	11.0	15.5	15.8	12.5	14.3	15.7	14.7	16.0	21.4	22.3	18.4	19.0	20.2	18.2
Republic of Moldova	22.6	26.4	38.5	31.0	32.7	25.7	33.4	41.6	37.6	32.4	42.4	40.6	39.3	28.6	24.5	36.5	41.2	..	..
Montenegro	28.1	31.8	36.6	24.1	28.5	28.5	31.2	32.8	32.2	32.2	30.5	30.8	27.9	24.9	28.2	29.6	..	..	..
Netherlands	22.3	23.5	23.1	22.4	23.5	22.6	24.0	24.3	24.3	24.0	25.4	25.9	27.2	25.7	26.5	24.7	22.4	26.1	26.7
Norway	28.8	26.2	28.2	27.9	25.2	24.2	25.6	25.7	26.7	19.4	22.7	23.5	26.5	24.9	22.9	23.0	27.2	29.9	..
Poland	31.2	30.7	30.7	30.2	29.4	28.7	30.3	30.5	30.2	30.1	29.6	29.1	27.7	30.2	29.8	29.8	30.7	30.9	30.0
Portugal	25.6	27.2	28.6	28.0	26.6	27.1	27.6	31.4	30.4	28.9	28.7	31.2	30.2	31.4	32.1	31.5	30.9	28.2	30.6
Romania	24.4	24.7	21.4	22.9	24.3	23.7	25.5	27.8	27.3	27.0	25.3	27.0	25.7	27.1	23.1	23.9	24.6	24.4	21.6
Russian Federation	39.9	37.3	39.0	36.6	34.3	36.0	35.6	35.7	33.5	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Serbia	23.8	21.9	29.3	28.7	28.0	28.0	27.5	26.8	28.6	28.6	26.0	25.0	27.4	29.3	29.4	29.8	27.3	25.5	28.7
Slovakia	25.2	26.4	27.6	23.4	24.2	25.5	26.8	27.5	24.9	25.2	26.5	27.1	27.0	25.1	26.2	24.4	24.8	29.4	21.6
Slovenia	27.1	27.6	21.5	24.4	25.2	25.6	26.5	26.0	25.3	26.3	26.1	24.8	28.9	26.6	24.6	25.1	23.5	23.4	22.7
Spain	24.1	24.7	24.6	25.3	28.1	28.1	28.5	29.7	30.1	31.2	30.1	31.1	30.1	31.3	30.2	30.0	30.3	31.5	32.1
Sweden	19.7	19.5	18.6	19.7	20.3	21.1	21.3	21.5	21.3	21.8	22.7	22.2	19.7	19.5	19.7	20.5	20.8	21.3	23.2
Switzerland	23.0	22.6	24.9	24.3	25.2	25.0	24.4	24.4	25.9	26.0	26.6	26.8	26.5	25.2	25.7	25.3	26.9	28.6	27.6
Tajikistan	..	..	..	..	12.4	..	..	..	..	..	..	28.7	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Türkiye	4.5	5.7	6.3	6.2	6.4	6.9	7.0	7.5	8.0	8.0	8.1	9.0	8.8	8.7	10.3	12.1	13.2	11.9	11.9
Ukraine	35.5	30.5	33.0	33.3	33.4	34.8	37.6	36.6	31.5	32.0	28.0	32.0	36.9	32.7	30.8	30.1	32.3	..	..
North Macedonia	80.4	20.4	23.5	23.9	22.5	24.7	24.7	26.4	28.4	23.4	25.0	25.0	22.6	23.8	26.7	21.1	..	..	..
United Kingdom	24.3	24.1	24.6	22.5	24.0	25.8	24.9	26.2	27.1	26.4	25.7	26.8	27.9	28.4	27.2	..	..	..	..
United States	36.6	37.0	37.2	36.8	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

Country	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Albania	..	..	10.4	15.9	10.7	12.5	27.8	28.6	28.1	12.3	17.6	21.2	21.9	..	16.1	16.3	15.4	..	..
Azerbaijan	..	..	..	..	..	49.0	48.9	43.0	41.7	40.9	37.4	39.3	39.3	37.1	33.1	32.3	30.6	..	..
Austria	22.3	24.6	24.6	25.6	25.5	25.5	24.4	23.8	23.8	24.2	25.7	26.3	26.8	25.7	24.9	25.3	24.6	24.7	24.9
Armenia	..	..	9.5	13.1	7.9	11.7	22.0	26.0	16.3	19.5	18.1	18.4	20.4	15.0	14.5	24.1	20.8	..	..
Belgium	21.7	22.7	22.3	22.2	23.0	24.3	20.7	23.1	24.2	26.7	25.8	26.1	28.3	27.6	26.9	26.0	28.0	29.5	26.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	..	21.5	22.0	25.3	24.2	25.7	28.9	24.2	24.2	27.2	23.0	26.6	26.4	26.4	26.7	38.3	25.9	..	..
Bulgaria	27.7	26.2	27.1	29.0	27.8	28.4	29.6	29.4	27.4	27.3	25.8	27.8	28.1	26.7	27.8	27.2	29.2	29.7	29.8
Belarus	..	..	..	..	31.3	..	..	..	..	33.9	29.9	27.2	30.0	33.2	36.7	28.0	27.7	..	..
Canada	26.6	27.1	25.9	25.8	25.3	25.2	26.8	26.0	25.9	26.4	26.9	26.8	27.2	27.6	28.0	27.1	27.3	26.4	..
Croatia	25.4	28.5	24.3	25.0	23.8	27.7	30.0	29.6	25.7	27.1	28.6	29.8	31.1	32.9	28.6	25.3	25.1	29.3	27.4
Cyprus	12.1	11.9	13.0	10.8	14.7	13.9	16.1	16.5	15.6	13.4	20.5	18.2	17.7	19.5	28.4	20.0	23.8	33.3	31.0
Czechia	23.2	23.5	21.4	22.6	22.6	21.0	21.8	22.9	24.5	20.8	23.1	22.8	22.2	23.2	26.2	22.2	23.8	26.0	25.5
Denmark	16.4	20.9	20.2	20.5	20.6	20.7	21.8	20.5	22.7	22.1	22.7	24.0	22.2	22.8	23.3	20.9	23.7	22.0	24.7
Estonia	24.5	20.7	23.5	22.4	23.1	20.3	20.2	17.6	18.8	19.6	25.3	28.3	25.8	21.6	22.8	19.5	21.5	24.6	25.7
Finland	24.7	25.8	26.2	24.5	23.2	24.6	26.1	22.6	22.2	22.6	24.6	24.0	24.0	24.5	25.4	24.2	21.8	20.8	20.5
France	22.5	22.1	24.5	26.1	23.1	22.4	24.2	24.4	24.2	23.3	25.1	26.1	26.4	24.9	25.2	27.0	28.3	29.3	29.7
Georgia	19.0	24.0	27.5	30.6	25.5	19.3	27.1	23.0	19.1	23.9	40.9	34.7	30.1	29.2	27.1	25.9	19.8	..	..
Germany	24.1	24.2	23.7	23.9	24.1	24.5	24.3	24.2	24.6	25.2	25.3	25.5	25.5	25.2	25.3	24.8	25.2	26.5	25.8
Greece	19.3	20.0	20.2	20.3	20.4	21.0	22.9	24.6	26.3	26.1	27.0	28.2	27.5	25.9	27.1	28.1	28.3	26.4	24.6
Hungary	27.9	27.6	27.6	26.5	27.5	29.2	27.8	27.4	27.7	27.1	27.7	29.1	28.2	28.1	29.5	30.8	27.9	28.6	27.9
Iceland	25.0	22.1	25.9	23.5	17.6	26.5	26.1	26.5	26.4	19.1	19.7	24.7	22.7	27.5	21.4	21.4	21.5	22.4	23.5
Ireland	17.6	17.2	19.0	19.0	21.0	22.0	22.4	23.4	25.3	21.6	22.1	24.3	23.2	23.7	23.2	26.3	24.6	22.2	25.0
Israel	16.1	16.5	18.5	17.9	17.3	17.1	18.8	18.8	19.2	19.0	17.9	17.9	19.9	19.6	19.9	19.6	20.9	..	..
Italy	21.4	22.2	22.1	22.4	22.0	22.0	22.5	24.0	24.7	23.8	25.8	26.0	25.3	24.5	26.0	25.0	25.9	25.6	25.6
Kazakhstan	23.2	31.0	33.6	35.0	37.9	38.1	39.8	31.2	29.6	31.0	28.0	29.0	33.5	34.9	33.8	33.4	34.3	..	..
Kyrgyzstan	22.4	24.0	23.3	29.4	35.5	23.4	29.4	26.7	28.0	24.8	33.1	35.9	31.2	26.4	22.6	19.4	17.8	..	..
Latvia	34.7	35.7	30.0	27.3	26.3	35.5	34.3	33.4	35.2	29.8	30.4	29.9	33.9	31.3	34.9	38.0	31.2	29.2	31.6
Liechtenstein	..	..	..	..	..	22.0	..	..	..	..	23.0	..	..	..	..	24.4	..	..	..
Lithuania	29.4	30.7	26.9	23.0	27.7	26.8	29.4	30.2	28.1	29.1	29.8	30.2	28.7	30.4	26.0	25.5	35.7	33.7	24.7
Luxembourg	24.1	23.1	26.7	24.5	21.3	23.9	25.0	25.3	29.7	21.7	29.3	29.4	27.8	29.3	27.4	28.3	31.1	33.3	38.7
Malta	11.9	10.4	10.4	9.9	11.6	11.0	15.5	15.8	12.5	14.3	15.7	14.7	16.0	21.4	22.3	18.4	19.0	20.2	18.2
Republic of Moldova	22.6	26.4	38.5	31.0	32.7	25.7	33.4	41.6	37.6	32.4	42.4	40.6	39.3	28.6	24.5	36.5	41.2	..	..
Montenegro	28.1	31.8	36.6	24.1	28.5	28.5	31.2	32.8	32.2	32.2	30.5	30.8	27.9	24.9	28.2	29.6	..	..	..
Netherlands	22.3	23.5	23.1	22.4	23.5	22.6	24.0	24.3	24.3	24.0	25.4	25.9	27.2	25.7	26.5	24.7	22.4	26.1	26.7
Norway	28.8	26.2	28.2	27.9	25.2	24.2	25.6	25.7	26.7	19.4	22.7	23.5	26.5	24.9	22.9	23.0	27.2	29.9	..
Poland	31.2	30.7	30.7	30.2	29.4	28.7	30.3	30.5	30.2	30.1	29.6	29.1	27.7	30.2	29.8	29.8	30.7	30.9	30.0
Portugal	25.6	27.2	28.6	28.0	26.6	27.1	27.6	31.4	30.4	28.9	28.7	31.2	30.2	31.4	32.1	31.5	30.9	28.2	30.6
Romania	24.4	24.7	21.4	22.9	24.3	23.7	25.5	27.8	27.3	27.0	25.3	27.0	25.7	27.1	23.1	23.9	24.6	24.4	21.6
Russian Federation	39.9	37.3	39.0	36.6	34.3	36.0	35.6	35.7	33.5	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Serbia	23.8	21.9	29.3	28.7	28.0	28.0	27.5	26.8	28.6	28.6	26.0	25.0	27.4	29.3	29.4	29.8	27.3	25.5	28.7
Slovakia	25.2	26.4	27.6	23.4	24.2	25.5	26.8	27.5	24.9	25.2	26.5	27.1	27.0	25.1	26.2	24.4	24.8	29.4	21.6
Slovenia	27.1	27.6	21.5	24.4	25.2	25.6	26.5	26.0	25.3	26.3	26.1	24.8	28.9	26.6	24.6	25.1	23.5	23.4	22.7
Spain	24.1	24.7	24.6	25.3	28.1	28.1	28.5	29.7	30.1	31.2	30.1	31.1	30.1	31.3	30.2	30.0	30.3	31.5	32.1
Sweden	19.7	19.5	18.6	19.7	20.3	21.1	21.3	21.5	21.3	21.8	22.7	22.2	19.7	19.5	19.7	20.5	20.8	21.3	23.2
Switzerland	23.0	22.6	24.9	24.3	25.2	25.0	24.4	24.4	25.9	26.0	26.6	26.8	26.5	25.2	25.7	25.3	26.9	28.6	27.6
Tajikistan	..	..	..	..	12.4	..	..	..	..	..	..	28.7	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Türkiye	4.5	5.7	6.3	6.2	6.4	6.9	7.0	7.5	8.0	8.0	8.1	9.0	8.8	8.7	10.3	12.1	13.2	11.9	11.9
Ukraine	35.5	30.5	33.0	33.3	33.4	34.8	37.6	36.6	31.5	32.0	28.0	32.0	36.9	32.7	30.8	30.1	32.3	..	..
North Macedonia	80.4	20.4	23.5	23.9	22.5	24.7	24.7	26.4	28.4	23.4	25.0	25.0	22.6	23.8	26.7	21.1	..	..	..
United Kingdom	24.3	24.1	24.6	22.5	24.0	25.8	24.9	26.2	27.1	26.4	25.7	26.8	27.9	28.4	27.2	..	..	..	..
United States	36.6	37.0	37.2	36.8	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

Footnote:

Employers are workers who hold self-employment jobs and have engaged, on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work for them in their business as employees.