Indicator 9.5.2

Indicator 9.5.2

Researchers (in full-time equivalent), per 1,000,000 population

The researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and development workers per 1 million people.

INDICATOR 9.5.2
Researchers (in full-time equivalent). The researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and development workers per 1 million people.
TARGET 9.5
Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending.
GOAL 9
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
See United Nations Global SDG Database

Indicator 9.5.2

Indicator 9.5.2

Researchers (in full-time equivalent), per 1,000,000 population

Heat map
Bubble map
INDICATOR 9.5.2
Researchers (in full-time equivalent). The researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and development workers per 1 million people.
TARGET 9.5
Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending.
GOAL 9
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
See United Nations Global SDG Database

Indicator 9.5.2

Indicator 9.5.2

Researchers (in full-time equivalent), per 1,000,000 population

INDICATOR 9.5.2
Researchers (in full-time equivalent). The researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and development workers per 1 million people.
TARGET 9.5
Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending.
GOAL 9
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
See United Nations Global SDG Database

Indicator 9.5.2

Indicator 9.5.2

Researchers (in full-time equivalent), per 1,000,000 population

Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Albania 155.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Austria 4136.9 4140.1 4349.7 4390.3 4669.4 4724.7 4947.9 5019.4 5372.2 5387.9 5639.1 5895.4 5751.3 ..
Azerbaijan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1718.8 1734.9 1741.1
Belarus .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1465.7 1417.7
Belgium 3411.8 3519.9 3732.8 3875.6 4113.3 4155.9 4528.9 4711.0 4780.5 4729.6 5003.9 5253.2 5750.1 ..
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. 160.1 233.9 292.4 365.2 420.0 485.4 471.3 460.0 452.0 447.2
Bulgaria 1513.0 1601.4 1478.7 1613.0 1540.8 1683.8 1821.9 1977.3 2237.3 2125.2 2342.9 2420.0 2402.1 ..
Canada 4715.4 4451.5 4646.3 4780.1 4627.5 4623.1 4541.8 4523.3 4369.6 4422.6 4516.3 .. .. ..
Croatia 1538.6 1596.5 1641.3 1587.5 1556.8 1526.7 1437.4 1504.2 1850.5 1868.3 1921.1 2135.4 2219.8 ..
Cyprus 1011.4 1065.8 1077.7 1063.8 1017.5 1036.1 1064.9 1009.1 1050.5 1196.4 1389.4 1635.1 1690.8 ..
Czechia 2857.0 2742.1 2774.0 2903.7 3139.2 3237.2 3402.8 3592.1 3516.2 3682.0 3862.7 3976.0 4127.9 ..
Denmark 6493.9 6657.0 6739.2 7017.9 7143.3 7071.1 7310.7 7528.3 7846.7 7669.9 7636.1 7739.4 7691.9 ..
Estonia 2969.2 3228.7 3060.6 3397.6 3462.9 3341.0 3284.3 3183.2 3295.1 3542.5 3755.3 3768.0 3846.1 ..
Finland 7684.8 7646.3 7720.2 7421.6 7473.7 7206.5 7009.3 6844.5 6531.5 6721.8 6861.1 7227.5 7527.4 ..
France 3659.9 3747.3 3873.0 3942.4 4073.3 4154.8 4233.6 4336.0 4414.7 4569.9 4699.7 4811.5 4926.2 ..
Georgia .. .. .. .. .. 566.4 1059.5 1280.5 1306.6 1307.4 1463.8 1698.9 1712.4 1623.7
Germany 3733.3 3922.2 4058.0 4188.8 4352.3 4366.7 4320.7 4743.8 4861.7 5076.5 5217.3 5396.5 5393.1 ..
Greece .. .. .. 2278.5 2300.3 2721.3 2791.9 3256.0 2769.9 3311.4 3486.7 3731.0 4010.3 ..
Hungary 1851.9 2014.6 2149.8 2326.2 2416.5 2546.1 2673.4 2589.1 2645.8 2921.5 3873.9 4057.4 4357.9 ..
Iceland 7423.6 7926.0 .. 6981.4 .. 5648.4 .. 5887.9 6640.5 6130.5 6088.3 .. .. ..
Ireland 3284.1 3156.9 3112.6 3325.8 4854.0 5136.5 5304.5 5270.7 5178.2 5142.8 4733.2 4820.7 4769.1 ..
Italy 1625.3 1723.0 1743.3 1781.4 1848.6 1930.7 1956.4 2077.9 2204.1 2313.7 2512.2 2656.0 2671.8 ..
Kazakhstan 376.5 348.6 370.5 385.9 612.2 737.2 798.7 777.1 693.7 666.1 666.9 636.9 689.3 629.9
Latvia 2012.7 1688.3 1838.7 1885.3 1886.9 1772.7 1854.3 1808.6 1596.5 1784.6 1792.1 1904.8 2158.8 ..
Lithuania 2624.8 2680.5 2752.7 2721.0 2634.3 2843.9 3054.0 2785.6 2950.3 3072.0 3190.7 3489.6 3728.5 ..
Luxembourg 4712.8 4826.3 5145.0 5451.4 4352.2 4614.2 4741.1 4604.9 4776.6 4960.2 4738.5 5076.9 4920.3 ..
Malta 1321.2 1200.3 1417.0 1785.9 1986.7 1886.7 1831.7 1891.3 2054.6 2130.5 2062.6 2132.3 2296.5 ..
Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Montenegro .. .. .. 649.8 .. 645.0 671.8 834.6 715.8 702.7 763.0 746.8 .. ..
Netherlands 3061.7 2824.3 3219.0 3664.4 4361.4 4915.7 4955.4 4928.9 5159.3 5347.6 5596.6 5715.2 5911.7 ..
North Macedonia 468.2 431.6 532.1 445.2 611.8 675.3 837.6 858.5 854.3 729.4 799.3 786.9 786.6 752.8
Norway 5361.1 5443.1 5413.8 5502.5 5553.0 5573.8 5685.6 5891.0 6077.6 6350.1 6432.6 6673.9 6698.8 ..
Poland 1611.3 1593.3 1683.1 1675.1 1752.7 1873.1 2064.0 2171.6 2320.8 3019.1 3106.1 3187.8 3288.2 ..
Portugal 3813.8 3756.5 3918.8 4168.3 4037.3 3610.6 3662.4 3729.8 4004.6 4367.7 4646.1 4905.7 5214.8 ..
Republic of Moldova 822.1 802.8 760.9 777.3 768.6 914.2 932.8 953.4 926.7 940.8 918.5 836.3 779.7 788.1
Romania 931.1 933.8 966.2 790.7 890.7 922.7 903.8 876.2 911.6 891.3 882.4 896.0 952.9 ..
Russian Federation 3149.9 3085.7 3081.1 3114.6 3078.4 3052.7 3075.1 3098.1 2952.2 2821.5 2784.3 2746.7 2721.7 ..
Serbia 1360.4 1429.4 1514.8 1624.0 1643.4 1727.0 1831.0 2071.2 2132.8 2079.2 2087.2 2098.4 2167.1 2230.9
Slovakia 2331.3 2460.6 2809.4 2833.4 2820.2 2716.4 2715.6 2650.2 2600.0 2794.8 2996.0 3111.0 3164.3 ..
Slovenia 3475.9 3661.1 3769.8 4277.3 4317.2 4220.3 4147.1 3814.2 3914.3 4479.4 4845.4 5054.7 4932.3 ..
Spain 2843.3 2872.3 2869.2 2766.0 2693.8 2625.7 2613.1 2623.4 2715.5 2855.7 3000.9 3080.5 3109.2 ..
Sweden 5437.2 5079.7 5251.5 5144.6 5164.1 6674.3 6876.0 6834.0 7154.5 7383.4 7536.5 7834.4 7930.2 ..
Switzerland 3298.2 .. .. .. 4468.6 .. .. 5271.9 .. 5235.8 .. 5552.0 .. ..
Türkiye 750.0 809.8 889.6 981.8 1100.1 1173.2 1160.9 1211.8 1254.7 1379.4 1533.3 1624.3 1775.3 ..
Ukraine 1428.3 1345.6 1328.0 1257.9 1231.0 1162.0 1023.9 1006.0 1037.2 994.1 988.1 880.6 846.2 587.5
United Kingdom 4053.9 4076.6 4043.3 3926.1 3969.9 4119.5 4227.6 4319.5 4357.9 4435.0 4554.5 4683.8 .. ..
United States 3932.8 4088.9 3883.2 4025.4 3989.6 4090.9 4205.9 4269.9 4251.2 4411.7 4748.8 4821.2 .. ..
Uzbekistan 580.4 573.0 545.0 574.8 513.1 507.0 501.2 497.4 506.0 495.6 476.2 418.0 423.9 523.4
Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Albania 155.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Austria 4136.9 4140.1 4349.7 4390.3 4669.4 4724.7 4947.9 5019.4 5372.2 5387.9 5639.1 5895.4 5751.3 ..
Azerbaijan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1718.8 1734.9 1741.1
Belarus .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1465.7 1417.7
Belgium 3411.8 3519.9 3732.8 3875.6 4113.3 4155.9 4528.9 4711.0 4780.5 4729.6 5003.9 5253.2 5750.1 ..
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. 160.1 233.9 292.4 365.2 420.0 485.4 471.3 460.0 452.0 447.2
Bulgaria 1513.0 1601.4 1478.7 1613.0 1540.8 1683.8 1821.9 1977.3 2237.3 2125.2 2342.9 2420.0 2402.1 ..
Canada 4715.4 4451.5 4646.3 4780.1 4627.5 4623.1 4541.8 4523.3 4369.6 4422.6 4516.3 .. .. ..
Croatia 1538.6 1596.5 1641.3 1587.5 1556.8 1526.7 1437.4 1504.2 1850.5 1868.3 1921.1 2135.4 2219.8 ..
Cyprus 1011.4 1065.8 1077.7 1063.8 1017.5 1036.1 1064.9 1009.1 1050.5 1196.4 1389.4 1635.1 1690.8 ..
Czechia 2857.0 2742.1 2774.0 2903.7 3139.2 3237.2 3402.8 3592.1 3516.2 3682.0 3862.7 3976.0 4127.9 ..
Denmark 6493.9 6657.0 6739.2 7017.9 7143.3 7071.1 7310.7 7528.3 7846.7 7669.9 7636.1 7739.4 7691.9 ..
Estonia 2969.2 3228.7 3060.6 3397.6 3462.9 3341.0 3284.3 3183.2 3295.1 3542.5 3755.3 3768.0 3846.1 ..
Finland 7684.8 7646.3 7720.2 7421.6 7473.7 7206.5 7009.3 6844.5 6531.5 6721.8 6861.1 7227.5 7527.4 ..
France 3659.9 3747.3 3873.0 3942.4 4073.3 4154.8 4233.6 4336.0 4414.7 4569.9 4699.7 4811.5 4926.2 ..
Georgia .. .. .. .. .. 566.4 1059.5 1280.5 1306.6 1307.4 1463.8 1698.9 1712.4 1623.7
Germany 3733.3 3922.2 4058.0 4188.8 4352.3 4366.7 4320.7 4743.8 4861.7 5076.5 5217.3 5396.5 5393.1 ..
Greece .. .. .. 2278.5 2300.3 2721.3 2791.9 3256.0 2769.9 3311.4 3486.7 3731.0 4010.3 ..
Hungary 1851.9 2014.6 2149.8 2326.2 2416.5 2546.1 2673.4 2589.1 2645.8 2921.5 3873.9 4057.4 4357.9 ..
Iceland 7423.6 7926.0 .. 6981.4 .. 5648.4 .. 5887.9 6640.5 6130.5 6088.3 .. .. ..
Ireland 3284.1 3156.9 3112.6 3325.8 4854.0 5136.5 5304.5 5270.7 5178.2 5142.8 4733.2 4820.7 4769.1 ..
Italy 1625.3 1723.0 1743.3 1781.4 1848.6 1930.7 1956.4 2077.9 2204.1 2313.7 2512.2 2656.0 2671.8 ..
Kazakhstan 376.5 348.6 370.5 385.9 612.2 737.2 798.7 777.1 693.7 666.1 666.9 636.9 689.3 629.9
Latvia 2012.7 1688.3 1838.7 1885.3 1886.9 1772.7 1854.3 1808.6 1596.5 1784.6 1792.1 1904.8 2158.8 ..
Lithuania 2624.8 2680.5 2752.7 2721.0 2634.3 2843.9 3054.0 2785.6 2950.3 3072.0 3190.7 3489.6 3728.5 ..
Luxembourg 4712.8 4826.3 5145.0 5451.4 4352.2 4614.2 4741.1 4604.9 4776.6 4960.2 4738.5 5076.9 4920.3 ..
Malta 1321.2 1200.3 1417.0 1785.9 1986.7 1886.7 1831.7 1891.3 2054.6 2130.5 2062.6 2132.3 2296.5 ..
Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Montenegro .. .. .. 649.8 .. 645.0 671.8 834.6 715.8 702.7 763.0 746.8 .. ..
Netherlands 3061.7 2824.3 3219.0 3664.4 4361.4 4915.7 4955.4 4928.9 5159.3 5347.6 5596.6 5715.2 5911.7 ..
North Macedonia 468.2 431.6 532.1 445.2 611.8 675.3 837.6 858.5 854.3 729.4 799.3 786.9 786.6 752.8
Norway 5361.1 5443.1 5413.8 5502.5 5553.0 5573.8 5685.6 5891.0 6077.6 6350.1 6432.6 6673.9 6698.8 ..
Poland 1611.3 1593.3 1683.1 1675.1 1752.7 1873.1 2064.0 2171.6 2320.8 3019.1 3106.1 3187.8 3288.2 ..
Portugal 3813.8 3756.5 3918.8 4168.3 4037.3 3610.6 3662.4 3729.8 4004.6 4367.7 4646.1 4905.7 5214.8 ..
Republic of Moldova 822.1 802.8 760.9 777.3 768.6 914.2 932.8 953.4 926.7 940.8 918.5 836.3 779.7 788.1
Romania 931.1 933.8 966.2 790.7 890.7 922.7 903.8 876.2 911.6 891.3 882.4 896.0 952.9 ..
Russian Federation 3149.9 3085.7 3081.1 3114.6 3078.4 3052.7 3075.1 3098.1 2952.2 2821.5 2784.3 2746.7 2721.7 ..
Serbia 1360.4 1429.4 1514.8 1624.0 1643.4 1727.0 1831.0 2071.2 2132.8 2079.2 2087.2 2098.4 2167.1 2230.9
Slovakia 2331.3 2460.6 2809.4 2833.4 2820.2 2716.4 2715.6 2650.2 2600.0 2794.8 2996.0 3111.0 3164.3 ..
Slovenia 3475.9 3661.1 3769.8 4277.3 4317.2 4220.3 4147.1 3814.2 3914.3 4479.4 4845.4 5054.7 4932.3 ..
Spain 2843.3 2872.3 2869.2 2766.0 2693.8 2625.7 2613.1 2623.4 2715.5 2855.7 3000.9 3080.5 3109.2 ..
Sweden 5437.2 5079.7 5251.5 5144.6 5164.1 6674.3 6876.0 6834.0 7154.5 7383.4 7536.5 7834.4 7930.2 ..
Switzerland 3298.2 .. .. .. 4468.6 .. .. 5271.9 .. 5235.8 .. 5552.0 .. ..
Türkiye 750.0 809.8 889.6 981.8 1100.1 1173.2 1160.9 1211.8 1254.7 1379.4 1533.3 1624.3 1775.3 ..
Ukraine 1428.3 1345.6 1328.0 1257.9 1231.0 1162.0 1023.9 1006.0 1037.2 994.1 988.1 880.6 846.2 587.5
United Kingdom 4053.9 4076.6 4043.3 3926.1 3969.9 4119.5 4227.6 4319.5 4357.9 4435.0 4554.5 4683.8 .. ..
United States 3932.8 4088.9 3883.2 4025.4 3989.6 4090.9 4205.9 4269.9 4251.2 4411.7 4748.8 4821.2 .. ..
Uzbekistan 580.4 573.0 545.0 574.8 513.1 507.0 501.2 497.4 506.0 495.6 476.2 418.0 423.9 523.4
INDICATOR 9.5.2
Researchers (in full-time equivalent). The researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and development workers per 1 million people.
TARGET 9.5
Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending.
GOAL 9
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
See United Nations Global SDG Database

Footnote